A
fundamental concept emerging from this book is that of the hole, or electronic
deficit, generated when an electron is removed from the valence-bond structure
of a crystal. This phenomenon, together with the presence of excess electrons,
has been central to solid-state theory since the work of A. H. Wilson in 1931.
However, it was the invention of the transistor in 1948 that gave new
technological relevance to the concepts of electrons and holes. From a
theoretical standpoint, the hole is an abstraction derived from a more complex
system whose study requires the tools of quantum mechanics. From an
experimental standpoint, the existence of holes and electrons as charge
carriers can be directly observed through techniques developed in transistor
electronics.
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